On 25 April 2015, a massive earthquake hit Nepal, followed by another on 12 May. Two years on, hundreds of thousands of earthquake survivors are still living in temporary shelters made primarily of tarpaulin and zinc sheets. The reconstruction model adopted by the Government of Nepal emphasises an “owner-driven” approach, which requires proof of land ownership as a condition to qualify for a rebuilding grant scheme. Up to 25% of Nepal’s population is estimated to be landless or near-landless. Consequently, tens of thousands of people were left out of reconstruction. The worst affected were those already vulnerable and marginalised, including the landless, women, Dalits and other caste-based and ethnic minorities.
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